The emergence of civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia is associated with the Sumerians. The Sumerians were not Semitic and appeared in Mesopotamia by sea. They brought with them the knowledge of making bronze, a potter's wheel, wheels, writing, constructing temples-ziggurats, religious rites of priests, works of art, money exchange, and slavery. Knowledge of mathematics, shipbuilding, crafts, trade, medicine, astronomy. A lot of scientific knowledge, and we owe all this to the Sumerians. Babylonian and Assyrian religions were based on Sumerian religious traditions. The same traditions can be easily traced in all religions that have replaced them. The center of administrative and religious power in each city was a ziggurat temple headed by a high priest. The Sumerians worshiped numerous gods. In the XXIV century BC. Akkadian Semitic tribes seized the lands of the Sumerians and united them under a single Akkadian and Sumerian kingdom. It lasted two centuries and was captured by the tribes of the Kutians but soon fell after the uprising in the city-state of Uruk. In the eighteenth century, power in Babylon was seized by the Chaldean Semitic tribes, who subjugated Mesopotamia.